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Temperature
Temperature can be defined as the average kinetic energy of all the molecules in a substance. The kinetic energy of molecules cannot be measured directly therefore temperature is determined by measuring other physical properties which are affected by temperature. There are many different devices that use different ways to measure temperature because of this. A resistance thermometer measures the electrical resistance of a conductor, a thermocouple measures the voltage at the connection point of 2 different metals, a pyrometer measures the radiation of the substance, and the most common type of tool a thermometer measures change in volume of a fluid. Among many different tools of measuring temperature, there are also many different temperature scales. The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are based off setting values to the freezing and boiling points of water while the Kelvin and Rankine scales are do the same thing although their absolute zero temperature is at zero unlike the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales. The conversions between temperatures can be found in Figure # and the key temperatures can be found in table 1.
Table 1 | Melting Point | Boiling Point | Absolute Zero |
---|
Celsius (°C) | 0 | 100 | -273.15 |
Fahrenheit (°F) | 32 | 212 | -459.67 |
Kelvin (K) | 273.15 | 373.15 | 0 |
Rankine (°R) | 491.67 | 671.67 | 0 |
Flow
Flow rate is an essential measurement within many chemical processes and can be used in many different ways. It is usually depicted using a point over a variable for example mass flow rate can be represented as such in Figure 3. Flow rate can be defined as the rate at which a substance travels from one point to another point and can be measured either using volume (volume/time) or mass (mass/time). Mass and volume are not independent measurements as one can be calculating from the other using the density of whichever fluid is being measured. The relationship between mass and volume can be found in Figure 4. There are many different tools that can be used to measure the flow rate of a substance through a pipe although rotameters and orifice meters are the most common. A rotameter measures flow rate by determining the height of an object when the substance is flowing upward as depicted in Figure 5. An orifice meter measures the pressure drop of a substance before an after travelling through a small opening as shown in Figure 6. The large pressure drop indicates a large flow rate while a small pressure drop indicates a small flow rate.
Composition
Dissolved Oxygen
pH
Salinity