Table of Contents

Variety of inductor forms [1]

What are Inductors?

An inductor is a passive component with two terminals, typically constructed of a coil of wire surrounding a "core" of some material, usually a magnetic material like iron or ferrite ceramic, or air (supported by plastic if necessary) [2]. Inductors store electrical energy by inducing a magnetic field when current flows through it, hence the name [2]. Inductors resist change in the current flowing through it by either storing or releasing energy from the magnetic field to create an electromotive force (voltage) to oppose the change; this relationship is described by Lenz's law [2]. This effect is known as inductance [4]. Inductors are useful for many different purposes, including blocking high-frequency noise, electronic filters, tuned circuits, and power converters, any time there might be spikes or changes in current that needs to be controlled [3].

Inductors vs. Capacitors

Inductors are quite similar to capacitors in many respects. For example, they are both two-terminal, passive components, and they both store electrical energy temporarily in some type of field. Inductors and capacitors are useful for this last property, but their main differences are due to which type of field they interact with. Capacitors are said to "resist changes in voltage" while inductors "resist changes in current", which is a result of how capacitors store energy with an electric field, while inductors store energy with a magnetic field [10]. Additionally, capacitors will block direct current from passing through it while inductors will allow it, and vice versa for alternating current [10]. These properties that capacitors and inductors share and differ in mean that they are often used in tandem in the applications mentioned above.

Inductance

Inductance is the ability for an inductor to induce voltage as a result of a change in current, and is denoted with L and measured in Henries (singular Henry, symbol H) [4], though most inductors come in values of microHenry or milliHenry. Inductance is quantified by the ratio of voltage to the rate of change of current [4]. This means that increasing the inductance results in a greater resistance to change, which may be beneficial or detrimental depending on its application. The value of an inductor is influenced mainly by the length of the coil, the cross-sectional area of the coil, the number of turns (of wire), and the magnetic permeability of the core [4]. The length of the coil is inversely proportional to the inductance of the coil, but increasing any of the other three factors will increase the inductance [4].

Inductor Construction

Inductors can be made of a variety of materials. The wire that makes up the inductor coil is usually insulated copper, sometimes aluminum [2]. An ideal inductor would have no resistance, but in the real world, the wire's inherent resistance can become a significant factor due to how much wire goes into making a coil. Like mentioned before, increasing the number of turns in the coil increases the inductance, so the diameter and even cross-section of the wire can be important when many turns are necessary.

The other component is the core, whose shape and material influences the form factor and inductance of the component, which determines what applications the inductor is suitable for.

Air core

The simplest type of inductor is an air-core inductor, where the core is air or a similarly non-magnetic, low permeability material like plastic or ceramic [5]. These have a lower inductance, so they are suitable for high frequency (radio frequency) applications, and tend to be more efficient due to the lack of core material [5]. These coils can also be wound such that it spirals on a planar surface, which are useful for applications like inductive charging and integration on PCB due to the small form factor.

Solid iron core

More often, inductors are made with a core of ferromagnetic material like iron or its various alloys. Common materials are soft/annealed iron and silicon steel. These materials have a high permeability and allow a significantly higher inductance [5]. Thus, they are better for low-frequency and power applications. They have a lower efficiency due to factors such as eddy currents and magnetic hysteresis that come as a result of the core dissipating energy as heat or noise [5]. To reduce eddy currents, the cores of transformers (which related to inductors) are generally constructed out of stacks of laminated steel sheets [5].

Powdered iron core

Powder cores are less common, but have some advantages. Similar to solid cores, the most common material for this type of core is powdered iron, though many variations and alloys of iron also exist [5]. The density of the powder also determines the permeability of the core, due to the air trapped inside [5]. Powdered cores have high permeability and are also susceptible to eddy currents, reducing efficiency [5]. The high permeability allows this type of core to be used for energy storage inductors [5].

Ferrite core

Ferrite is a type of magnetic ceramic that includes iron(III) oxide, so it is cheap to produce. Ferrite cores are generally soft ferrites that easily changes magnetic polarity, reducing hysteresis losses [6]. This property is known as coercivity. Ferrites are magnetic but not very electrically conductive, reducing eddy current losses [6]. Together, the cost and efficiency of this material make ferrite cores very common cores for inductors and transformers in both low and high frequency application [6].

Core shape

Since the simplest way to make an inductor is a simple, straight coil, inductor cores are usually rod-shaped to fit the coil shape [8]. However, since the magnetic field "escapes" out each end into the air (which has a low permeability) to complete the magnetic circuit, this shape ends up with a lower permeability and efficiency, as well as generating electromagnetic interference [8]. In coils designed for electromagnets, motor windings, and speakers, the solenoid design is necessary, but in inductors and transformers, a toroidal core offers higher permeability (and inductance), electrical efficiency, material efficiency, and reduced interference [8].

Air core inductors [2]

Image of several air core inductors.

Iron core inductor [5]

Image of an iron core inductor.

Powdered core inductor [5]

Image of a powdered core inductor.

Ferrite core inductor [7]

Image of a ferrite core inductor.

Toroidal inductors [9]

Image of several toroidal inductors and a ruler for scale. The inductors in the image range from approximately one quarter inch to half an inch in size.

Laminated transformer core [6]

Diagram of a transformer core made with laminated steel sheets.

References

[1] FDominec, Electronic component inductors.jpg. Wikimedia Commons, 2007.

[2] “Basic Electronics - Inductors,” Tutorialspoint. [Online]. Available: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/basic_electronics/basic_electronics_inductors.htm. [Accessed: 19-Mar-2021].

[3] “What is an Inductor?,” Coilcraft. [Online]. Available: https://www.coilcraft.com/en-us/edu/series/what-is-an-inductor/. [Accessed: 19-Mar-2021].

[4] “Basic Electronics - Inductance,” Tutorialspoint. [Online]. Available: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/basic_electronics/basic_electronics_inductance.htm. [Accessed: 19-Mar-2021].

[5] “Basic Electronics - Types of Inductors,” Tutorialspoint. [Online]. Available: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/basic_electronics/basic_electronics_types_of_inductors.htm. [Accessed: 19-Mar-2021].

[6] “Transformer Construction of the Core and Transformer Design,” Basic Electronics Tutorials, 31-Jul-2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transformer/transformer-construction.html. [Accessed: 19-Mar-2021].

[7] “Inductor Ferrites,” Electronics Notes. [Online]. Available: https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/inductors-transformers/inductor-ferrites.php. [Accessed: 19-Mar-2021].

[8] “Toroidal inductors and transformers,” Wikipedia, 26-Nov-2020. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_inductors_and_transformers. [Accessed: 19-Mar-2021].

[9] Scwerllguy, Small Toroidal Inductors.jpg. Wikimedia Commons, 2008.

[10] “Capacitors and Capacitance vs. Inductors and Inductance - Video Tutorial,” All About Circuits. [Online]. Available: https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/video-tutorials/inductance-and-capacitance/. [Accessed: 04-Apr-2021].

Contributors:

User	Last Update
Mayurakhi Khan	1268 days ago

Faculty Advisors: Kim Pope, John Thistle, Allyson Giannikouris, Michael Lenover (alumni)

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