Table of Contents
Temperature
Temperature can be defined as the average kinetic energy of all the molecules in a substance. The kinetic energy of molecules cannot be measured directly therefore temperature is determined by measuring other physical properties which are affected by temperature. There are many different devices that use different ways to measure temperature because of this. A resistance thermometer measures the electrical resistance of a conductor, a thermocouple measures the voltage at the connection point of 2 different metals, a pyrometer measures the radiation of the substance, and the most common type of tool a thermometer measures change in volume of a fluid. Among many different tools of measuring temperature, there are also many different temperature scales. The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are based off setting values to the freezing and boiling points of water while the Kelvin and Rankine scales are do the same thing although their absolute zero temperature is at zero unlike the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales. The conversions between temperatures can be found in Figure # and the key temperatures can be found in table 1.
Table 1 | Melting Point | Boiling Point | Absolute Zero |
---|---|---|---|
Celsius (°C) | 0 | 100 | -273.15 |
Fahrenheit (°F) | 32 | 212 | -459.67 |
Kelvin (K) | 273.15 | 373.15 | 0 |
Rankine (°R) | 491.67 | 671.67 | 0 |
Figure 2 |
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Level
Flow
Flow rate is an essential measurement within many chemical processes and can be used in many different ways. Flow rate can be defined as the rate at which a substance travels from one point to another point and can be measured either using volume (volume/time) or mass (mass/time). Mass and volume are not independent measurements as one can be calculating from the other using the density of whichever fluid is being measured.
Mass
Composition
Dissolved Oxygen
pH
Salinity
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