Page Comparison

The “STAR Approach” (Development Dimensions International, n.d.) is a useful technique for answering behaviour-based questions:

• Situation: Provide background and context

• Task: Describe what you needed to do

• Action: Explain what actions you took and how you did it

• Result: Describe the outcomes of your actions

• Learn more tips about using the “STAR approach”.

The SPIKES model is used for delivering bad news and was developed by Robert Buckman, MD, Associate Professor of Medical Oncology, University of Toronto and modified from the original version.

• Setting  - where you as healthcare professional sit in relation to patient/family members; create best physical circumstances.

• Perception  - why here today: as you know we have done some tests; ask before tell to get patient’s understanding of medical situation.

• Invitation  - how much does the patient want to know? e.g. “how would you like me to provide information about your test results?” Some prefer the big picture and some prefer every small detail; let patient ask questions.

• Knowledge - (physician tells “bad” news: don’t tell them they have cancer immediately — use “tumour” first; did I answer your questions?

• Empathy  - listen for and identify emotions of patient and identify cause, validate patient’s feelings and expressions, offer resources and other support.

• Summary - summarize discussion.

_{(Sandrick, K.1998)}

PESTLE model

• Political: government interventions, tax considerations and policy initiatives.

• Economic: cost in time and money.

• Social:cultural considerations, health consciousness, population growth and social determinants.

• Technological: R&D activities, automation and innovation.

• Legal:legal implications.

• Environmental/Ethical: weather, climate change, tourism and/or ethical considerations.

_{(Wood, n.d.)}

CARVE model, developed by Eric H. Gampel

• Consequences: what are the potential consequences of the solution?

• Autonomy: how fully does the solution preserve the right to choose?

• Rights: how does the solution affect the rights of the stakeholders?

• Values: how well does the solution uphold personal or organizational values?

• Equality: how well does the solution promote equality? Is the solution just?

_{(McClean, 2019)}

ABCDE model

• Autonomy: how fully does the solution preserve the right to choose?

• Beneficence: does the solution provide the greatest benefit to the affected parties?

• Confidentiality:how well are principles of confidentiality preserved by the solution?

• Do no harm: how well is the principle of do no harm upheld by the solution?

• Equality, Equity or Justice (justice): how well does the solution promote equality/equity? Is the solution just?

_{(Levine, 1994)}

General interview questions ask about your goals, characteristics, fit with the program, past experiences and coping skills.

How do I prepare for a general interview question?

Reflect on your experiences, growth and motivation for the profession Review possible questions online and practice responding according to your interview’s known conventions.

Behaviour-based questions are interview questions that prompt you for a specific time when you used a skill or dealt with a situation in the past.

It combines a prompt for one specific example (e.g. “tell me about a time when”) with a skill you need or situation you will face in your program or profession (e.g. “you had to communicate complex information”).

How do I prepare for a behaviour-based question?

• Review relevant frameworks, skills and competencies essential to your prospective profession.

• Identify related personal experiences to start building your library of experiences you want to pull from in your responses. Consider reflecting on:

  • What you did?

  • Why you did what you did?

  • What options you considered?

  • What you learned from the experience?

  • How you would handle things differently in hindsight.

Difficult conversation questions will prompt you to share how you would deliver bad news or handle an uncomfortable conversation.

Difficult conversation questions provide an opportunity to demonstrate your interpersonal communication. You will be evaluated on how well you demonstrate your skill set, rather than on solving the problem.

How do I prepare for a difficult conversation question?

If you find frameworks helpful to structure your responses:

• practice with friends, family and peers so you feel comfortable in an interview.

• review frameworks for sharing bad news.

Critical thinking and ethical questions are designed to let the interviewer see how you think as you walk through a complex problem that doesn’t have a clear answer.

How do I prepare for an ethical or critical thinking question?

Ethical and critical thinking questions can be complex. There are various ways to prepare for these types of questions. You might:

• Identify how you like to work through a problem.

• Review common ethical scenarios in your field.

• Search for critical thinking/ethical questions and practice responding out loud in a structured way.

While responding to ethical or critical thinking questions, it may be helpful to:

• Summarize the question in your own words to help the interviewer understand your sense of the question.

• Identify missing information or state assumptions or note the key issue to narrow the scope of the question.

• Structure the response to systemically work through the factors and perspectives.

• Incorporate information from other sources when applicable (personal experiences, articles, class content).

• Propose a new initiative, training or information gathering mechanism that could improve your suggested solution.

• Summarize your response with a clear decision.

Ethical scenario/situational interview questions ask what you would do in a hypothetical situation. These types of questions evaluate your interpersonal skills and fit for the profession based on your approach to a hypothetical situation. 

To answer a situational question well, you will need to describe your actions in detail, including:

• What options you would consider?

• What past experiences you would draw on in the situation?

• What you would do and why, and the outcome of your actions?

How do I prepare for an ethical scenario/situational interview question?

To help prepare for these types of interview questions:

• Reflect on your experiences, particularly your past handling of difficult situations.

• Identify how you like to work through a problem.

• Research possible questions online and practice responding according to your interview’s known conventions.

• Practice summarizing the question in your own words and identifying missing information or assumptions - this will help to contextualize your responses.

In a debate station, you will be assigned a perspective on an issue and debate with another candidate. Often, you will give feedback on your performance or the other candidate’s performance after the debate.

How do I prepare for a debate station?

Ask your friends to debate with you and practice listening carefully to their points and responding. What is this part of the interview evaluating? Debate stations evaluate how well you interact and communicate with others. Stay focused on the issue and acknowledge your debate partner’s points. When you evaluate the debate, provide positive feedback and tips for what could have worked better.

Pilot stations test future MMI content. They won't be identified as pilot stations. Don’t panic if you’re asked to label a diagram, respond to a data set, add words to comic bubbles or do something else you weren’t expecting.

In a rest station you can rest, get a drink of water and possibly talk to a current student at the rest station.

The rest station can throw you off during the MMI as it can distract you from the flow of the interview; don’t rehash your previous stations or try to predict which questions will be next. Take a drink, stay calm and be ready to move to your next station at the signal.

Tip: Asking questions

If there is an opportunity to ask your own questions in the interview, ask away! This is an opportunity to show your interest in the program, school and interviewers, as well as gather information to help in your decision-making.

It is recommended that you ask questions that you are genuinely interested in, that are not easy to answer elsewhere (e.g. not available online), and that create opportunities for your interviewers to talk about their perspectives or experiences.

For example: If you’re struggling with the idea of specialization, consider asking how your interviewer chose a specialty. If you’re interested in finding community on campus, consider asking how your interviewer got involved.