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There are various graduate-level programs available. When considering graduate school program options, consider how the program aligns with your interests, as well as how the program relates to your career goals. The most common types of graduate programs include master’s programs and doctorate programs.

Depending on the desired level and area of study, you may be able to do a course–based master’s program, a research-based master’s program or a doctorate (PhD). Here’s a quick comparison of the options:

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In most cases, a master’s degree is required for entry into a PhD program in Canada. Research–intensive master’s programs may give you an advantage when applying for a PhD, since you can demonstrate and build upon your research skills and knowledge of your field. Some programs allow you to transfer from a master’s to a PhD program prior to writing your thesis and other programs provide direct entry to a PhD program with only an undergraduate degree.

Since a PhD is a research-intensive degree, a course-based master’s may not provide students with the same opportunities to do research as a thesis–based master’s degree can. For that reason, it can be difficult to be competitive for a PhD coming from a course–based master’s degree. In many cases, PhD admissions will specifically ask for a research–based master’s to qualify. The admissions committee will be looking for graduate–level research experience.

To start your research into graduate programs:

• Make a list of potential programs to consider. Program search sites can help you understand which programs are available. You can filter your search using a variety of factors that reflect your needs and interests.

• Use a web search and browse the graduate studies pages of particular universities you are interested in.

• Investigate the teaching and research interests of the program/faculty. You could begin by reading widely in your target field. In this process, you will identify areas of research and specific researchers whose work interests you.

If you are considering a research-based program, identify research that aligns with your interests. It will be important to find a balance between a research area that is too broad or too limiting.

There are many ways to explore your research interests. You could begin to develop your research interest by reading widely in your target field. In this process, you will learn about research methods, processes and questions in your field. You may also identify areas of research and specific researchers whose work interests you.

Another potential approach is to consider your motivation for graduate study.

• Is there a particular problem that you want to solve?
• Something you want to learn about in more detail?
• A question you developed in your undergraduate study?
• Something you think will be relevant to your future career?

There are likely researchers working in your area of interest and you can further develop your future plans by seeking them out.

A third way of developing your research interest is through conversation with existing researchers. You could consider connecting with current graduate students in your department or area of study, asking your professors about their current projects and/or attending conferences or invited speaker sessions. Engaging with other researchers this way will help you further develop your research interests.

A graduate supervisor is a faculty member that mentors a graduate student in their research. Most research–based programs require that you have a supervisor. Your supervisor will be the person you contact at every stage of your research, from selecting your research topic and assessing your findings, to your thesis defense. Depending on the program, you may need a graduate supervisor arranged prior to receiving an offer of admission. Other programs may advise applicants not to contact graduate supervisors prior to admission.

If you are looking to explore graduate supervisors, read publications, attend conferences and connect with your network. Explore your connections with current professors, teaching assistants, graduate students and alumni. It is recommended that applicants contact potential supervisors directly (if permitted based on admissions guidelines) to ensure that their research interests align. You may send a professional email to your intended graduate supervisor, focusing on how your research interests align with their research and how your skills will help the supervisor’s research team. Attach your resume and an unofficial transcript and list whether you are applying for scholarships. Ask to meet with the potential supervisor in a virtual meeting.

When you connect further with a potential graduate supervisor, be ready to share more about your research interests, previous experiences, a proposed area of study for your degree and your future goals.

To apply to a master’s or PhD program, you will often apply directly through the institution, most commonly through an online application.

The application process may consist of the following components:

Your grades (i.e. GPA), experiences, personal statement(s) and references will all be important factors in the admissions process.

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